Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
bitcoin статья bitcoin 5 ethereum info bitcoin joker download tether bitcoin converter bitcoin blue пример bitcoin ethereum кошельки cryptocurrency tech
tether комиссии
bitcoin сколько bitcoin spin bitcoin symbol bag bitcoin
bitcoin explorer bitcoin dollar opencart bitcoin bitcoin pay mmm bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin coinmarketcap ethereum прибыльность bitcoin expanse
tether майнить bitcoin etherium биржи monero bitcoin приложение bitcoin брокеры msigna bitcoin freeman bitcoin carding bitcoin exchange monero loan bitcoin bitcoin space кликер bitcoin
cryptocurrency charts добыча bitcoin
20 bitcoin bitcoin qiwi эмиссия ethereum
bitcoin avto bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin 100 технология bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin school algorithm ethereum hack bitcoin ethereum ротаторы cryptocurrency price bitcoin торговать bitcoin халява bitcoin рубль bitcoin maps apple bitcoin monero wallet bitcoin обналичить ethereum видеокарты bitcoin bear bitcoin vip mini bitcoin
123 bitcoin bitcoin 4pda
bitcoin spinner bitcoin wm live bitcoin bitcoin cloud wallet cryptocurrency ethereum прибыльность bitcoin collector ethereum ubuntu wired tether easy bitcoin preev bitcoin chaindata ethereum monero minergate bitcoin machines
credit bitcoin bitcoin novosti How or why is a mystery to the Davey Day traders of the world, and it matters not, because that’s just the way the world is perceived to work, and everyone acts accordingly. Rest assured, it will all end badly, but most individuals have come to believe investments in financial assets are just a better (and necessary) way to save, which dictates behavior. A 'diversified portfolio' has become so synonymous with savings that it is not perceived to bear risk, nor is it perceived to be a risk-taking activity. While that couldn’t be further from the truth, the choice is either to take risk via investments or to leave savings in a monetary medium that is sure to purchase less and less in the future. From an actual savings perspective, it is where damned if you do meets damned if you don’t. It is an unnerving game that everyone is either forced to play or sit it out and lose either way.bitcoin grant bitcoin играть agario bitcoin bitcoin fpga приложения bitcoin ethereum scan bitcoin spend rate bitcoin алгоритм ethereum loan bitcoin история ethereum 4pda bitcoin testnet bitcoin my ethereum asics bitcoin bitcoin сатоши bitcoin hd bitcoin андроид майн ethereum This database is typically shared across a large network containing many computers (known as 'nodes') and it is completely public. I say 'typically' because it can technically be formed by any number of nodes. To get blockchain explained fully, it is important to know that the more nodes there is, the more secure it is — that’s why it’s good to have a large number of nodes running the blockchain!платформ ethereum миксер bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr
bitcoin loto bitcoin брокеры видео bitcoin ethereum chaindata
проекта ethereum bitcoin запрет
bitcoin алматы
kinolix bitcoin usdt tether теханализ bitcoin best bitcoin maps bitcoin
bitcoin timer bitcoin crash арбитраж bitcoin monero майнеры обменять ethereum форумы bitcoin
zcash bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка
я bitcoin bitcoin plugin get bitcoin up bitcoin
bitcoin пул bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin монет cranes bitcoin ethereum contract checker bitcoin bitcoin millionaire ethereum обозначение bitcoin protocol dat bitcoin ico cryptocurrency
bitcoin pps register bitcoin карта bitcoin bitcoin masters bitcoin start bitcoin torrent cryptocurrency tx bitcoin ethereum script bitcoin chain casper ethereum bitcoin weekend вход bitcoin
bitcoin vector bitcoin euro bitcoin переводчик bitcoin развод 600 bitcoin полевые bitcoin play bitcoin хардфорк ethereum jaxx bitcoin bitcoin haqida bitcoin favicon coins bitcoin прогнозы ethereum шифрование bitcoin bitcoin land андроид bitcoin ethereum контракты ethereum decred
bitcoin шахта byzantium ethereum 3. Streamlining Supply Chain Managementbitcoin ukraine валюта bitcoin иконка bitcoin
валюта tether bitcoin top инструкция bitcoin bounty bitcoin monero новости bitcoin mmgp tether верификация secp256k1 ethereum tether валюта testnet bitcoin bitcoin краны by bitcoin bitcoin rpc stealer bitcoin
bitcoin legal green bitcoin
bitcoin background code bitcoin кошель bitcoin fx bitcoin bitcointalk monero фото bitcoin bitcoin hyip bitcoin заработать dogecoin bitcoin верификация tether
monero difficulty ethereum калькулятор elysium bitcoin dance bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin сигналы etherium bitcoin bitcoin xl ethereum обменять claymore monero secp256k1 ethereum покупка bitcoin bitcoin roulette monero bitcointalk wild bitcoin ethereum история monero spelunker
bitcoin окупаемость wallets cryptocurrency
golden bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция abi ethereum bitcoin 1000 проекта ethereum bitcoin elena tether usdt
ethereum chaindata tether 4pda bitcoin wmz LINKEDINbitcoin mmm
local bitcoin перевести bitcoin bitcoin scripting
валюта bitcoin bitcoin euro bonus bitcoin bitcoin cards bitcoin motherboard разделение ethereum bitcoin api калькулятор ethereum ethereum decred bitcoin разделился bitcoin options полевые bitcoin monero github ethereum wiki эфир ethereum ethereum asics monero amd bitcoin demo bitcoin utopia bitcoin chains • It is a digital bearer asset similar to a commodity.json bitcoin monero обменник bitcoin мерчант bitcoin bow yandex bitcoin
пулы bitcoin bitcoin sweeper количество bitcoin bitcoin сервера alpha bitcoin bitcoin visa bitcoin телефон стоимость bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage fake bitcoin работа bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin история monero minergate bitcoin hash bitcoin приложения ethereum bonus etf bitcoin polkadot store бесплатный bitcoin динамика ethereum avto bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten abi ethereum bitcoin neteller вложения bitcoin
simplewallet monero cnbc bitcoin ethereum пулы лотерея bitcoin
pixel bitcoin cryptocurrency mining 4000 bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin компьютер ethereum cpu
bitcoin daily
client ethereum bitcoin войти bitcoin agario monero cpu site bitcoin bitcoin microsoft
bitcoin synchronization bitcoin fire bitcoin математика
ethereum plasma ethereum продам monero 1060 clockworkmod tether
Geometric methodR3CEV, a consortium effort financed by some of the world’s largest banks, is busy trying to answer this question. Goldman Sachs, McKinsey Consulting and Consumers’ Research have all written excellent reports on this question. The UK Government, the Senates of the US, Canada, Australia and the EU have all made inquiries along these lines.ethereum обменять Last but not least, one of the most intuitive and interesting metrics to track on Ethereum 2.0 is how much validators are earning on average, daily. Before the launch of the network, estimates ranged from between 15% to 20% annual percent return (APR) for early validators. As of Jan. 5, 2021, the APR for the average validator one month into network launch is between 11% to 12%, according to the beaconcha.in calculator.bitcoin форекс
planet bitcoin Some users may not need to actually move their bitcoins very often, especially if they own bitcoin as an investment. Other users will want to be able to quickly and easily move their coins. A solution for storing bitcoins should take into account how convenient it is to spend from depending on the user's needs.bitcoin хардфорк кликер bitcoin bitcoin суть Computers known as miners use the cycles of their GPUs (graphics processing units) and CPUs (central processing units) to solve complex mathematical problems. The miners pass the data in a block through the algorithm until their collective power discovers a solution. At this point, all transactions in the block are verified and stamped as legitimate.ethereum russia bitcoin yen bitcoin conference bitcoin dollar кости bitcoin Ключевое слово moneybox bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg вывести bitcoin escrow bitcoin bitcoin local reward bitcoin
sell bitcoin bitcoin purchase ethereum mist bitcoin генераторы адрес bitcoin
bitcoin википедия putin bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin
bitcoin перспектива
bitcoin информация bitcoin roll bitcoin metal bitcoin bat ethereum info кости bitcoin bitcoin slots bitcoin транзакция Miners need to install an Ethereum client to connect to the wider Ethereum network. An internet connection is vital for miners. Without an internet connection, the node won’t be able to do much of anything.statistics bitcoin bitcoin p2p coindesk bitcoin протокол bitcoin bitcoin blue 4000 bitcoin bitcoin sberbank ethereum курсы poloniex monero metal bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin conference bitcoin сайты second bitcoin новости ethereum bitcoin email продажа bitcoin monero пул bitcoin scripting bitcoin galaxy зарегистрироваться bitcoin сбербанк ethereum часы bitcoin
future bitcoin форки bitcoin реклама bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте
ethereum рост bitcoin poloniex 'Responsive Organization' is a movement anchored by Microsoft to adopt open allocation style organizational design inside itself and Yammer, the corporate messageboard system it acquired in 2012. Consultancies have emerged specializing in 'organization design' and the transition to Responsive team structure.шахта bitcoin We sit here, in 2019, witnessing the monetization event of an economic good (bitcoin) on the free market for the first time in thousands of years (h/t gold). Rather than stopping to contemplate the weight of that reality or to understand how or why that is possible, many people skip right past it to focus on some derivative or some way to improve upon a problem they didn’t see in the first place. Everyone wants to get rich quick, and so long as there is money, there will also be alchemists. Those that attempt to copy bitcoin are our modern day alchemists.bitcoin 3 kinolix bitcoin copay bitcoin значок bitcoin bitcoin fox bitcoin virus верификация tether
бесплатный bitcoin взломать bitcoin
bitcoin microsoft сервер bitcoin
bitcoin ваучер earn bitcoin краны monero bitcoin зарегистрироваться обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin сайты bitcoin обналичить adbc bitcoin usa bitcoin bitcoin mmgp video bitcoin
карты bitcoin bitcoin сети bitcoin flapper клиент bitcoin bitcoin bounty youtube bitcoin bitcoin кошелька buying bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin tcc bitcoin client bitcoin steam bitcoin bitcoin multisig bitcoin paper x bitcoin
donate bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin online bitcoin sign bitcoin москва autobot bitcoin bitcoin hash ethereum ico antminer bitcoin ethereum explorer новости monero usb tether bitcoin purchase
купить bitcoin bitcoin net контракты ethereum bitcoin анимация bitcoin зарабатывать nonce bitcoin love bitcoin rpc bitcoin qiwi bitcoin swarm ethereum Bitcoin is a new monetary asset that is climbing an adoption curve. Although it is not yet amonero simplewallet The ongoing stability of Bitcoin’s network effect is one of the reasons I became more optimistic about Bitcoin’s prospects going forward. Rather than quickly fall to upstart competitors like Myspace did to Facebook, Bitcoin has retained substantial market share, and especially hash rate, against thousands of cryptocurrency competitors for a decade now.bitcoin explorer In a non-deterministic wallet, each key is randomly generated on its own accord, and they are not seeded from a common key. Therefore, any backups of the wallet must store each and every single private key used as an address, as well as a buffer of 100 or so future keys that may have already been given out as addresses but not received payments yet.:94Higher price point than othersbitcoin agario (Note that this is just an example; mining will not always produce heat equivalent to the energy consumed because some energy is inevitably released as electromagnetic radiation, among others.)ethereum news
bitcoin фильм bitcoin mt4 stellar cryptocurrency currency bitcoin bitcoin fee проверка bitcoin
bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin io bitcoin будущее bitcoin перевести monero калькулятор bitcoin microsoft bitcoin waves tether валюта
обвал bitcoin bitcoin captcha monero bitcointalk bitcoin testnet
bitcoin girls сайт ethereum ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin коллектор key bitcoin exchange cryptocurrency
кошельки bitcoin blogspot bitcoin обменять monero cryptocurrency law bitcoin cny
bitcoin ocean froggy bitcoin ethereum mine ethereum pos bitcoin заработать ethereum info
ethereum метрополис time bitcoin платформы ethereum оборот bitcoin fork bitcoin san bitcoin Easy to navigate and learn to usebitcoin android bitcoin protocol обменник ethereum
tether пополнение ethereum проекты вложения bitcoin
фермы bitcoin ethereum динамика bitcoin script 5 bitcoin bitcoin minecraft bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin компьютер ethereum rig dollar bitcoin
ethereum charts bitcoin gadget bitcoin счет bitcoin torrent bitcoin фарминг bitcoin flip bitcoin сатоши яндекс bitcoin people bitcoin bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin eth cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin metatrader bitcoin проверить bitcoin адрес bitcoin cc
new cryptocurrency bitcoin journal bitcoin double 1070 ethereum bitcoin foundation monero график
bitcoin sha256 bitcoin карта ethereum прибыльность tether обмен
пулы ethereum opencart bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin play field bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin china биржа monero
bitcoin kazanma bitcoin cloud проверка bitcoin bitcoin сети bitcoin twitter bitcoin virus чат bitcoin ethereum stratum calculator bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка ecopayz bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin pizza
bitcoin кошелек вложить bitcoin alpha bitcoin swarm ethereum ethereum алгоритм tokens ethereum
получить bitcoin webmoney bitcoin
bitcoin script bitcoin visa проверка bitcoin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin баланс instant bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin dynamics coins bitcoin cubits bitcoin clame bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin mixer bitcoin 4000 bitcoin wm bitcoin торги ethereum прогноз dog bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin проект зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin fan Second, blockchains are frequently presented as more secure than traditional registries—a misleading claim. To see why, the overall stability of the system or platform must be separated from endpoint security—that is, the security of users and devices. True, the systemic risk of block-chains may be lower than that of many centralized institutions, but the endpoint-security risk of blockchains is far worse than the corresponding risk of traditional institutions. Block-chain transactions are near-instant, irreversible, and, in public block-chains, anonymous by design. With a blockchain-based stock registry, if a user (or broker or agent) loses control of his or her private keys—which takes nothing more than losing a phone or getting malware on a computer—the user loses his or her assets. The extraordinary history of bitcoin hacks, thefts, and scams does not inspire much confidence—according to one estimate, at least 6% of bitcoins in circulation have been stolen at least once.39bitcoin серфинг bitcoin wm bitcoin доллар ethereum habrahabr The cryptocurrency itself is not in the wallet. In the case of bitcoin and cryptocurrencies derived from it, the cryptocurrency is decentrally stored and maintained in a publicly available distributed ledger called the blockchain.ethereum twitter airbitclub bitcoin курс bitcoin ethereum windows ssl bitcoin hacking bitcoin bitcoin tube ethereum логотип bitcoin monero accepts bitcoin
ферма bitcoin bitcoin график source bitcoin fpga ethereum алгоритмы ethereum ethereum отзывы криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте ethereum покупка bitcoin legal
bitcoin rub bitcoin block
bitcoin markets mac bitcoin bitcoin express monero free cryptocurrency prices monero fr check bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin development
bitcoin flapper ethereum stratum bitcoin курс exchange monero bitcoin tor bitcoin flapper stock bitcoin
bitcoin 15
конвертер monero remix ethereum pool bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin xyz bitcoin обсуждение cryptocurrency rates bitcoin trojan ethereum difficulty tether майнить bitcoin wsj monero кран форк ethereum bitcoin chain cubits bitcoin казино ethereum goldsday bitcoin bitcoin coingecko bitcoin attack bitcoin msigna blog bitcoin monero windows bitcoin автокран исходники bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin vip ethereum crane ethereum адрес майнер ethereum stealer bitcoin monero fr bitcoin mac bitcoin c bitcoin cgminer bitcoin информация bitrix bitcoin ethereum регистрация bitcoin green flypool monero
bitcoin alert bitcoin прогноз satoshi bitcoin Because desktop and mobile wallets are running on a laptop or smartphone that’s connected to the internet, they’re less secure. As such, experts suggest keeping only a little money in them. For storing more than a little extra cash, that’s where hardware and paper wallets come in. carcity salience activates a constraint mindset that persists and manifests itself through reduced functional fixedness in subsequent product usage contexts (i.e., makes consumers think beyond the traditional functionality of a given product), consequently enhancing product use creativity.key bitcoin iphone tether neo bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin пулы reverse tether china cryptocurrency криптовалют ethereum
tether ico bitcoin история
bitcoin doge прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin система tether io bitcoin bestchange ethereum wiki bitcoin golden
ethereum валюта
bitcoin instagram project ethereum кошельки bitcoin multibit bitcoin reddit bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin anonymous вирус bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin json monero обменять bitcoin motherboard
addnode bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcoin fasttech
Mining is the 'glue' that holds together many cryptocurrencies, including Ethereum, by ensuring that the network comes to consensus on each and every change made in the system. Ethereum doesn’t just power a cryptocurrency – it also provides a platform for building decentralized apps that give users more control of their data by doing away with intermediaries. Traditional apps like Twitter or Gmail are typically run via internet servers and managed by a central authority, meaning that authority can, at any time, stop users from performing certain actions or monitor the data on their platforms. Miners are paid to be this glue, getting awarded the 'fresh' tokens of the cryptocurrency as their computers perform calculations that unlock them. That’s why most people take up the venture in the first place. Another important thing to consider is how scalable the Litecoin blockchain is. As we explained earlier, scaling is the ability to handle more transactions. However, there is always a limit to what is possible.cryptocurrency tech bitcoin reward bitcoin motherboard pull bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency rush bitcoin ethereum info bitcoin официальный bitcoin продам bitcoin ubuntu nicehash ethereum bitcoin матрица auto bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin count кошелька bitcoin ethereum php bitcoin service ropsten ethereum importprivkey bitcoin купить monero bitcoin bitcointalk асик ethereum
bitcoin capitalization bitcoin instagram playstation bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin вложить 1070 ethereum ethereum node майнинга bitcoin bitcoin 2018 bitcoin ecdsa mini bitcoin yandex bitcoin bitcoin zona registration bitcoin
pizza bitcoin ethereum contract кости bitcoin bitcoin boom vk bitcoin tether usdt captcha bitcoin bitcoin сбор nicehash monero bitcoin surf polkadot блог invest bitcoin ethereum gas bloomberg bitcoin finney ethereum bitcoin solo bitcoin kaufen
инструкция bitcoin ethereum платформа
заработок bitcoin bitcoin calculator ethereum programming ethereum github генераторы bitcoin
bitcoin протокол bitcoin игры сборщик bitcoin simple bitcoin zcash bitcoin alpari bitcoin майнер bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка фермы bitcoin monero новости обвал ethereum bitcoin tm китай bitcoin ethereum настройка бонусы bitcoin stealer bitcoin ethereum ферма bitcoin tools bitcoin растет кран monero ethereum картинки bitcoin рейтинг polkadot ico пополнить bitcoin обменять bitcoin
space bitcoin bonus bitcoin
bitcoin sportsbook игра bitcoin connect bitcoin wirex bitcoin стоимость ethereum создать bitcoin bitcoin начало bitcoin кредит nubits cryptocurrency blender bitcoin кран monero ethereum контракты bitcoin legal bitcoin reward monero spelunker
bitcoin информация bitcoin goldman bitcoin обучение monero cpu php bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency фонд ethereum Such a contract would have significant potential in crypto-commerce. One of the main problems cited about cryptocurrency is the fact that it's volatile; although many users and merchants may want the security and convenience of dealing with cryptographic assets, they may not wish to face that prospect of losing 23% of the value of their funds in a single day. Up until now, the most commonly proposed solution has been issuer-backed assets; the idea is that an issuer creates a sub-currency in which they have the right to issue and revoke units, and provide one unit of the currency to anyone who provides them (offline) with one unit of a specified underlying asset (eg. gold, USD). The issuer then promises to provide one unit of the underlying asset to anyone who sends back one unit of the crypto-asset. This mechanism allows any non-cryptographic asset to be 'uplifted' into a cryptographic asset, provided that the issuer can be trusted.cryptocurrency trade strategy bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin all ethereum видеокарты bitcoin unlimited основатель ethereum bitcoin demo electrum bitcoin bitcoin мерчант bitcoin игры торги bitcoin
16 bitcoin blender bitcoin
ethereum developer алгоритм monero ethereum перевод
