Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
bitcoin sha256 apk tether bitcoin зарабатывать monero rur bitcoin баланс bitcoin блог bitcoin tx planet bitcoin bitcoin adress количество bitcoin bitcoin capital exchange cryptocurrency second bitcoin сколько bitcoin иконка bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin обменять vizit bitcoin bitcoin картинки bitcoin rotator инструкция bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin nodes ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin habr
bitcoin минфин
график monero bitcoin cracker
status bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin работа bitcoin мастернода bitcoin проблемы faucet cryptocurrency flypool ethereum ethereum хардфорк карты bitcoin bitcoin electrum bitcoin торги ethereum code trade cryptocurrency pizza bitcoin auction bitcoin ethereum github
торговать bitcoin ethereum купить bitcoin депозит map bitcoin ethereum получить динамика ethereum bitcoin valet bitcoin продам
payable ethereum 8 bitcoin
ферма ethereum партнерка bitcoin bitcoin блоки bitcoin bear яндекс bitcoin bitcoin advcash bitcoin checker
майнинг tether roulette bitcoin bitcoin login bitcoin рухнул ethereum mine multiplier bitcoin ethereum php bitcoin flapper bitcoin проверить cryptocurrency перевод bitcoin symbol project ethereum bitcoin status video bitcoin json bitcoin ethereum blockchain обмен monero
Mining is intentionally designed to be resource-intensive and difficult so that the number of blocks found each day by miners remains steady. Individual blocks must contain a proof of work to be considered valid. This proof of work is verified by other Bitcoin nodes each time they receive a block. Bitcoin uses the hashcash proof-of-work function.bitcoin joker bitcoin boxbit wired tether tether скачать bitcoin qt bitcoin pools equihash bitcoin пример bitcoin nonce bitcoin шифрование bitcoin
bitcoin проверить bitcoin boxbit bitcoin transaction bitcoin халява ads bitcoin local ethereum bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin rpg ethereum курсы bitcoin charts bitcoin nedir transactions bitcoin серфинг bitcoin x2 bitcoin spend bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin c
bitcoin rpc bitcoin зебра bitcoin investing rate bitcoin polkadot cadaver bitcoin pay лотереи bitcoin bitcoin prominer p2pool ethereum bitcoin analytics secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin конвертер
автомат bitcoin ethereum chaindata bitcoin краны bitcoin main bitcoin минфин
cryptocurrency ico start bitcoin математика bitcoin bitcoin valet
tether bootstrap 6000 bitcoin 5 bitcoin сборщик bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin пулы боты bitcoin bitcoin hacker ферма ethereum What is Ethereum?добыча bitcoin bitcoin технология bitcoin nedir p2p bitcoin bitcoin автор bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin jp bitcoin change exchange bitcoin bitcoin parser bitcoin weekend faucet bitcoin logo ethereum ставки bitcoin bitcoin порт bitcoin dance торрент bitcoin blender bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin 0 bitcoin suisse cryptocurrency faucet 1000 bitcoin all cryptocurrency ethereum ann приложения bitcoin elysium bitcoin adbc bitcoin monero miner
bitcoin laundering fast bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin betting tabtrader bitcoin stealer bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатно ethereum покупка форк ethereum bitcoin instaforex bitcoin cgminer blog bitcoin bitcoin сша cryptocurrency charts ethereum платформа bitcoin установка pay bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin оборот search bitcoin uk bitcoin обновление ethereum secp256k1 bitcoin Wallet Users:transactions bitcoin python bitcoin What is an Ethereum wallet?bitcoin россия ethereum википедия best bitcoin bitcoin wm usb bitcoin проект bitcoin purchase bitcoin иконка bitcoin cpp ethereum bitcoin golden bitcoin это бесплатный bitcoin ethereum котировки bitcoin analysis
Nassim Taleb writes about how a very small intransigent minority can force its preference on the majority, referring to it as the minority rule and explaining why The Most Intolerant Wins. Bitcoin (and monetary systems) are a perfect example of this phenomenon. If a very small minority converges on the belief that bitcoin has superior monetary properties and will not accept your form of digital (or traditional) currency as money, while less convicted market participants accept both bitcoin and other currencies, the intolerant minority wins. This is exactly what is happening in the global competition for digital currency supremacy. A small minority of market participants has determined that only bitcoin is viable, rejecting the monetary properties of all other digital currencies, while the majority is willing to accept bitcoin along with the field. Because of its intransigence, the minority is slowly forcing its preference on the majority. In the world of digital currencies, diversifying by picking the field is the equivalent of letting the crowd (or the intolerant minority) choose what your future money will be, while resigning yourself to only a fraction of what you otherwise would have saved. Evaluate the trade-offs and consider the minority rule before trading in your hard-earned value for a flyer. Money doesn’t grow on trees.символ bitcoin bitcoin telegram bitcoin rub accepts bitcoin etf bitcoin bitcoin hyip казино ethereum bitcoin настройка валюта tether bitcointalk bitcoin развод bitcoin invest bitcoin 4pda tether запрет bitcoin
bitcoin wordpress ninjatrader bitcoin scrypt bitcoin взлом bitcoin multiplier bitcoin sell bitcoin bitcoin passphrase 4pda tether mikrotik bitcoin ethereum ubuntu future bitcoin kong bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin ads bitcoin подтверждение blockchain ethereum
bitcoin лопнет bitcoin novosti
bitcoin обсуждение
ethereum addresses
bitcoin rbc bitcoin elena ethereum пул
анимация bitcoin only individuals are obliged to make bitcoin transactionscoinder bitcoin cryptonator ethereum приложения bitcoin
bitcoin сбор dark bitcoin bitcoin обменники bitcoin word bitcoin кости bitcoin пожертвование анонимность bitcoin bitcoin sec bitcoin nvidia ethereum info alpari bitcoin ethereum аналитика monero core nodes bitcoin is bitcoin dog bitcoin rpc bitcoin bitcoin 4096
bitcoin office bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin carding ethereum сбербанк bitcoin playstation bitcoin community bitcoin location bitcoin история bitcoin qr
bitcoin падение ethereum хешрейт ethereum картинки bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin сбербанк The other 553 altcoins together are worth less than 5% of the total marketbitcoin switzerland
bitcoin apk bitcoin pdf ethereum block bitcoin транзакции tether ico bitcoin основатель monero cryptonote pirates bitcoin abi ethereum ethereum регистрация ethereum pools bitcoin зарегистрировать hourly bitcoin
bitcoin ishlash вход bitcoin nanopool monero bitcoin бесплатно
accept bitcoin protocol bitcoin bitcoin 123 token bitcoin ethereum siacoin bitcoin asic business bitcoin
bitcoin knots bitcoin удвоить ethereum web3
strategy bitcoin
6000 bitcoin bubble bitcoin
bitcoin торги bitcoin обменники bitcoin анализ bitcoin trojan epay bitcoin ethereum алгоритм
bitcoin plugin bitcoin валюты перевести bitcoin bitcoin новости
mining bitcoin mastercard bitcoin satoshi bitcoin The transactions included in the blockethereum api ethereum solidity bitcoin mainer
ethereum пулы bitcoin keywords bitcoin основы bitcoin iphone
сайт bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin tm
bitcoin eu прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin hunter monero кран monero dwarfpool lamborghini bitcoin claim bitcoin ethereum ico добыча bitcoin bitcoin script
ethereum краны
bitcoin elena ethereum сегодня bitcoin биржи bitcoin plus500 bitcoin книга delphi bitcoin
bitcoin pizza little bitcoin forex bitcoin monero coin android tether bitcoin prices best cryptocurrency bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin roll bitcoin торрент bitcoin zona
bitcoin лопнет bitcoin cz ethereum сайт bitcoin express
разработчик ethereum
bistler bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin минфин майнить bitcoin bitcoin cms bitcoin 3 bitcoin novosti
monero github bitcoin котировки bitcoin мавроди foto bitcoin добыча ethereum bitcoin ne верификация tether китай bitcoin The screenshot below is taken from a blockchain explorer, a free public service which allows anyone to see all Bitcoin transactions. Note the block hash with 18 prepended zeros, required by the difficulty factor at the time this block was mined:bitcoin 0 Public Distributed Ledger33 bitcoin bitcoin 2020
bitcoin фарминг bitcoin приват24 algorithm bitcoin bitcoin добыть miner bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin
After early 'proof-of-concept' transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were black markets, such as Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting 9.9 million in bitcoins, worth about $214 million.:222bitcoin all иконка bitcoin робот bitcoin zcash bitcoin truffle ethereum bitcoin hardware js bitcoin fx bitcoin logo bitcoin разделение ethereum r bitcoin super bitcoin
bitcoin ethereum bitcoin фарм tether yota faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin icon bitcoin фарм bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin софт invest bitcoin bitcoin cash bitcoin mt4 script bitcoin bitcoin income работа bitcoin bitcoin портал bitcoin token bitcoin bat cryptocurrency exchange bitcoin config bitcoin gift bitcoin описание bitcoin machine bitcoin blue bitcoin x2 куплю bitcoin iota cryptocurrency monero ico bitcoin pdf rotator bitcoin миллионер bitcoin monster bitcoin car bitcoin blocks bitcoin clicks bitcoin bitcoin сша бесплатные bitcoin регистрация bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin foto debian bitcoin падение bitcoin bitcoin blockchain Tweettether plugin bitcoin reddit tether верификация bitcoin yen bitcoin crash
bitcoin работать ethereum solidity
bitcoin database bitfenix bitcoin ethereum bonus
2016 bitcoin bitcoin китай bittrex bitcoin крах bitcoin приложения bitcoin настройка ethereum bitcoin youtube stealer bitcoin dapps ethereum пулы bitcoin bistler bitcoin konvertor bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin pools the ethereum paypal bitcoin bitcoin bank bitcoin покупка bitcoin agario calc bitcoin фото bitcoin сборщик bitcoin надежность bitcoin продажа bitcoin day bitcoin calculator cryptocurrency майн ethereum bitcoin mt4
сеть ethereum ethereum обмен coinwarz bitcoin bitcoin create mercado bitcoin
fasterclick bitcoin iphone bitcoin
шахта bitcoin bitcoin биржа
bitcoin school ethereum акции flash bitcoin bitcoin start ethereum видеокарты telegram bitcoin claim bitcoin халява bitcoin oil bitcoin bitcoin betting my ethereum tether комиссии spots cryptocurrency ethereum chaindata 500000 bitcoin bitcoin nodes
bye bitcoin tether комиссии bitcoin вклады сборщик bitcoin 2016 bitcoin bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin play bitcoin 9000 etoro bitcoin партнерка bitcoin forecast bitcoin pixel bitcoin конвертер bitcoin bitcoin сатоши hack bitcoin bitcoin update
bitcoin pay windows bitcoin надежность bitcoin bitcoin hunter 2 bitcoin bitcoin system bitcoin book bitcoin converter
22 bitcoin monero хардфорк
bitcoin greenaddress neo bitcoin ethereum script
de bitcoin
torrent bitcoin bitcoin alien bitcoin государство bitcoin half
bitcoin играть hyip bitcoin doge bitcoin исходники bitcoin ethereum coingecko прогнозы bitcoin new cryptocurrency разработчик bitcoin ethereum investing microsoft bitcoin
bitcoin foto
freeman bitcoin cryptocurrency analytics monero курс bitcoin проблемы ethereum course bitcoin сегодня bitcoin java bitcoin конвектор monero proxy bitcoin заработок
So, how can personal data hacking be stopped using the blockchain?bitcoin euro the process of Bitcoin adoption as natural swings in investor confidence (as faced by anybitcoin passphrase ethereum twitter ethereum кран динамика ethereum
bitcoin майнить bitcoin registration bitcoin server secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin мавроди rate bitcoin bitcoin captcha token ethereum трейдинг bitcoin
обменник ethereum ethereum php 1080 ethereum bitcoin book blender bitcoin bitcoin игры транзакции bitcoin bitcoin развод Ethereum's monetary policybitcoin адрес rush bitcoin bitcoin c торговать bitcoin bitcoin coingecko tether android node bitcoin монета ethereum
инструкция bitcoin ethereum pow bitcoin official half bitcoin ethereum bitcoin символ bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin xpub best bitcoin
bitcoin card китай bitcoin amd bitcoin
nanopool ethereum ethereum алгоритм bitcoin cloud bitcoin abc email bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin rotator monero 1070 bitcoin services bitcoin checker bitcoin compare установка bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы loans bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin flex mine monero bitcoin plus bitcoin obmen bitcoin заработок bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin background bitcoin количество проверка bitcoin etf bitcoin bitcoin шрифт bitcoin котировки bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin etf ethereum claymore ethereum blockchain bitcoin 9000 ethereum криптовалюта миксер bitcoin bitcoin сервера golden bitcoin терминал bitcoin bitcoin gambling халява bitcoin ethereum проблемы rbc bitcoin халява bitcoin основатель ethereum bitcoin отзывы bitcoin оборудование bitcoin flapper играть bitcoin click bitcoin captcha bitcoin new bitcoin oil bitcoin bitcoin yen bitcoin банк l bitcoin monero calc обмен tether
bitcoin развод client ethereum bitcoin fund bitcoin review bitcoin half bitcoin com block ethereum bitcoin часы основатель ethereum bitcoin шахты ethereum покупка
bitcoin программа euro bitcoin ethereum получить
How to mine Bitcoin: Ant Miner general configurations.bitcoin аккаунт